Affirmative Action :: American Government, Race Relations, EEO

positive ActionIn the United States, Affirmative Action is one of the government programs to overcome the effects of retiring(a) social discrimination by allocating jobs and resources to members of specific groups, such as minorities and women. The policy was fructify forth by federal agencies enforcing the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and two executive director orders, which provided that government contractors and educational institutions receiving federal funds develop such programs. The refer Employment Opportunities Act (1972) set up a commission to lend oneself such plans. The establishment of racial quotas in the name of affirmative motion brought the charges of so-called reverse discrimination into the late 1970s. Although the U.S. Supreme Court received such an argument in the case University of California v. Bakke (1978), it let existing programs stand and it also ap designated the use of goods and services of quotas in 1979 in a case involving voluntary affirmative- action programs in unions and private businesses. In the 1980s, the federal governments design in affirmative action was considerably diluted. In three cases in 1989, the Supreme Court undercut court-approved affirmative action plans by bighearted greater standing to claims of reverse discrimination, voiding the use of minority set-asides where past discrimination against minority contractors was unproven, and restricting the use of statistics to prove discrimination, since statistics did not prove intent. The Civil Rights Act of 1991 reaffirmed a federal governments commitment to affirmative action, alone a 1995 Supreme Court decision placed limits on the use of race in awarding government contracts the affected government programs were revamped in the late 1990s to encompass any person who was "socially disadvantaged.