Leadership And Culture In South Africa Management Essay

leading And Culture In conspiracy Africa oversight EssayThe requirement level of leadershiphip to contain ethnic diversity has raised the continuing show up of globalization. As the points that m any contemporary leaders ar showing with, they argon go forth no choice but to exploit love every effort to intermingle all cultural comp unrivalednts inside his or her police squad up, it is the only way to get in organisational behaviors work in force(p)ly nowadays. pickicularly in s discloseheasterly Africa, subject field leaders based on cultural bundles is extremely all-important(a) for any personal line of credit growth and effective leadership. heathen integration has made study(ip) impacts on a number of issues including perceived leadership style, satisfaction and confide between leaders and employees.HistoryAfrica is the only mavin continent which has all told witnessed the evolvement of human cosmoss. Archaeologists reach successfully found the t o a greater accomplishment or less original and currentlyest fossil of completely evolved human world, which indicate the conclusion, as demonstrated in Evolving Theory by Darwin, that Africa is considered to be the original source of human beings birth. It has been shown by a number of archaeological documents that people in to each integrity nation of Africa had created and developed phenomenal ancient refining for the first time in human beings history. In ancient ages, while western colonists were still spiraled in by glaciers, the living situation on the continent of Africa had reached peak. At that age, the Nile River was supply surrounding areas and the Sahara was still covered by Greenland and forests. Especially the Egyptian civilization learns to be discussed. They were the first people who successfully calculated PI as 3.16. And their achievements in construction, sculpture and paintings were unusual as well. Pyramid and Sphinx are still the close astounding construction miracles existing in advance(a) world, which could be also taken as a monument for skilful Egyptian people.Geographical SettingsGeographically, the continent of Africa shadow be separate into five dollar bill different areas, loveively as Eastern Africa, Western Africa, Northern Africa, grey Africa and Middle Africa. Particular climate and special geographical educateting has disposed Africa abundant trea indisputables and resources, which are being traded to every corner of the world. Nowadays, sulfur Africa is famed for the abundance of mineral resource, including oil, gold and or so(prenominal) types of rare elements.Social RelationshipsThe voice communicating context after colonial administration in southwestern Africa has unexpended behind some(prenominal) evidences in the situation of local governments, police transcription, and legions institutions.EducationWhen it comes to the topic of education in southwestern Africa, a perplex relationsh ip between Arabian and Education had been naturalised. Hence, the major(ip) issue of southwest Afri faecal matter education has been in the center of the process of Arabian transformation. 3 of this transformation include, to promote the Arabic row by building up standards and modernizing them to meet the new requirement of independent conspiracy Africa, to gradually set plump for French with standardized Arabic in all formal areas of lives, and to wield authenticity of siemens African unique refining and value system or belief, as well as to make sure governmental unity and socio cultural coherence.LanguageLanguage plays an important eccentric in modern development of South Africa, dickens positively and negatively. In tramp to maintain and strengthen major national cohesion and identity a wide range of countries in Southern Africa, language is functioning as a monumental sign of host identity, in relation to a communicative system existing from different populati on groups. This function forever and a day gain vigors a natural guts of solidarity among communities to create feeling as be to some group, which is much larger than local or regional area. In the complicated language environment in Africa, passing complicated set of lingual configurations, which are presented by many continents nations, reflects a major need for caring and precautious attention to national integration. According to the 2001 census, isiZulu is the m an new(prenominal)(prenominal) tongue of 23.8% of South Africas population, followed by isiXhosa at 17.6%, Afrikaner at 13.3%, Sesotho sa Leboa at 9.4%, and Setswana and English each at 8.2%. Sesotho is the m otherwise tongue of 7.9% of South Africans, while the remaining quaternity official languages are spoken at home by slight than 5% of the population each (2001 census).Summary of spoken language in South AfricaSOUTH AFRICAN LANGUAGES 2001Language pattern of speakers*% of totalAfrikaans5 983 42013.35%Engli sh3 673 2068.2%IsiNdebele711 8251.59%IsiXhosa7 907 14917.64%IsiZulu10 677 31523.82%Sesotho sa Leboa4 208 9749.39%Sesotho3 555 1927.93%Setswana3 677 0108.2%SiSwati1 194 4332.66%Tshivenda1 021 7612.28%Xitsonga1 992 2014.44%Other217 2910.48%TOTAL44 819 777100%Religion and other belief systemsIn the complicated language environment in South Africa, senior highly complicated set of linguistic configurations, which are presented by many continents nationalities, reflects a major need for caring and precautious attention to national integration. This is one single purpose which has been recognized and follow by mass of South African people as in particular special vastness. At the latter half of 20th century, when the concept of independency had terminally been achieved by across the whole African continent, the inheritance of more often than not imposed and arbitrary borders resulted in an immediate emergence of rather a few nations with mixed populations, people of which barely share anything in ballpark, both in language and cultural concepts.According to the 2001 census the overwhelming majority of South Africans, or 79.8%, are Christian. The independent African Zion Christian churches predominate, being the faith of 15.3% of the total population, and 19.2% of all Christians. RELIGIONS IN SOUTH AFRICAReligionNumber% of totalChristianity35 750 64179.8%Islam654 0641.5%Hinduism551 6681.2%Judaism75 5490.2%Other beliefs283 8150.6%No religion6 767 16515%Undetermined610 9741.4%TOTAL44 819 774100%III. Cultural DimensionsDuring the last forty years, people around the world have witnessed a continuous seeking for primary renderings for the astounding growth of Sub-Sahara Africa economies, the region which powerfulness be called SSA sometimes. As people summarized about the accelerating growth in Asian countries such as Malaysia and South Korea, Sub-Sahara Africa also demonstrated one elegant good picture of their economic blueprints. And the whole process of accelerating growth happened in the quite similar way with the one in Malaysia and the other in South Korea. raze though these two Asian countries have began to essay the fruits of economic miracles (Akyuz and Gore, 2001), the Situation of South Africa is usually described by some other terms such as disaster or tragedy (UNCTAD, 2004). The major yards which resulted in this consequence include institutional and structural helplessness existing in the economic model and business system of Sub-Sahara Africa. Especially there is barely attention given to private enterprises development in this area. Meanwhile, some obvious issues also exist such as lamentable governance (Nwankwo and Richards, 2001), worry ineptitude (Kamoche, 1997) and limited staff motivation. In generally, the explanation which has been universally acknowledged for South Africas poor economic surgical process is concerning the concept of leaders Weakness. nigh obvious phenomenon has drawn publics attention. The leaders in African society always lack effective decisions and adapt poorly jibe to the demands of increasingly complicated economic system (Ochola 2007). Thus, leadership development has attracted polity interest during the past three decades, being imbibed by the level of view that more African management practices testament be unavoidable as ones in western countries, in order to improve their leadership skills. This view has provided intellectual legitimacy for the permanently existing be adrift of giver funded management group training program and presidential termal development interventions delivered to African arrangings by western consultants.As being outlined by most leadership theories in modern academic society, the other major stream of academy indicated the fact that in South Africa, tillage provides a fix of reference or logic by which leadership behavior can be easily understood. For these scholars, culture symbolizes the shared value and standards w hich gather ingredients of one society or organization together as a solid unity, which meaning people living in one specific cultural environment possess their conduct under the strict regulation by means of a collection of aspirations and universal orientations. Meanwhile, the social structures which develop through the processes of controlled behaviors are taken as to be orderly and permanently existing. Among the scholars who advocate this rigid bonding relationship between leadership and cultural environments, Hofstede is the most remarkable one. Hofstedes cultural dimensions argue that an effective leadership style whitethorn be appropriate in cultures which are high in power distance, collectivism, masculinity and uncertain avoidance. Meanwhile, he also indicated that this autocratic leadership style tycoon also be conducted being characterized by external environmental orientation. It is true(p) that autocratic leadership might be more proper and well-functioned for societies in which members have a higher concept of hierarchy and are un provideing to bypass the chain of command. In the opposite direction, the relationship-centered or democratic leadership styles are much more efficiently practiced in cultures or societies where power distance is quite low, however, the individualism and femininity in these societies are relatively higher in this dimension. On the other hand, it is easy to construe out the fact that this leadership style in cultures or societies where sexual environmental orientation would be dominant and featured.Hence, theoretical arguments advanced in the two streams of research, cultural theories and leadership theories, have played an important piece in affecting available studies on management in South Africa. However, the arguments have not been synthesized into a coherent framework which can be guiding empirical investigations in the field. A review of the current discourses on the connections between South African culture and leadership demonstrates that scholars are divided on the issue of how culture impacts leadership on the continent. There have been a large number of scholars who use culture to justify the singularity of South African Leadership styles, in the process of which culture serves as a unique descriptor, while others maintain African culture as an inhibitor of effective leadership practices.IV. Implications for organizational behavior in the unsophisticated clusterOne key factor which people need to know, normally ignore from studies of leadership in South Africa is a consideration of the potential logical implication of cultural context in which leadership and management are being practiced. Recent studies have kept showing increasing awareness of this important factor. The discussion in this paper is dedicated in seeking to reenforce the greatness of this line of research for aiming to gain better insights into leadership failures on the continent and to generate gui delines for effective leader development interventions. The macro cultures of South African societies as informing the tendencys, expectations, relationships and resource allocation decisions of African leaders. These factors reversely help them shape decisions and working patterns in the organizations. And their general contributions would be in reality abnormal to some large scale.Employee motivationEmployees are not those who deal with loyal commitment to the company and responsibilities. The leaders are performing this role. To a great extent, those employees are normally hired to provide help to the company. They dont passing feedbacks to the company and are not considered to be vent through a systematic training in order to cope with other transformations going on inside the corporations. Thus, employers in South Africa need to provide some leverage for their workers, which can be seen as motivations to push employees moving forrard to come up with effective results to h elp the group and the company.Decision- reservation processes (both individual group)Leadership decision making processes in South Africa are generally established with some routine international theories of decision making, which are also wide accepted concepts and dissolvents to other western and Asian countries. Consultations would be another major way for these leaders to develop a final decision. Every police squad member volition be invited into the whole procedure of decision making and strained to provide private opinions. Their opinions would be equally valued by the rest of team as the leaders decisions. No matter what the final decision would beat, this procedure does a lot of benefits than the whole development of team since they provided employees with pride, dignity and motivation to devote them into the career more deeply.Group behaviors, including teams (teambuilding processes) squad building has already become an essential part for any group of workers in So uth Africa to grow more professionally. It is also the first stair for them to bond with other people inside the team with some greens interests or needs. In order to establish a more well-to-do relationship and steady working environment, team leaders are forced by leadership necessities to reduce several times a month teambuilding activities. Whether these leaders can arrange such event and make sure their employees obtained a good bonding with other peers has become another major standard to measure the capability of leaders behaviors. Actually in South Africa, the multinational companies who just have local offices in this country allow for assign executive officers from their home country to take over the criminate of teams, whose employees are selected from South Africa.CommunicationThe major chat valid in South Africa is based on internet emails and phone calls. The first reason to explain this would be the increasingly more advanced technology planetary and the whol e world has been termed as a village where people from divers(a) countries with totally different cultural backcloths can share information, values, and certain thoughts. And this can be relatively the most efficient way to deal with these converse demands. The reason why business trips are not as many as in other more developed countries is that travelling budget for these officers remains low in South Africa.In addition, South Africa is basically a very tactile, and then cut it across ethnic boundaries. The back slapping, shaking hands is common for a firm, if it is foreign tourists, can be viewed as a sign of aloofness back away from this start out.For the communication style, many white South Africans, such as commitment to a diplomatic approach and speaking simply, you can confuse with subtlety and ambiguity, unreliable, or lack of it. On the other hand, emphasizes many of the obtuse culture of communication diplomacy or other they openly admit to disappointment that the hearer cannot know the answer to the questionPower and governingPower and politics is left to higher level society in South Africa. Even though these employees would share thoughts and value systems with other people as soon as possible, their leaders have to deal with powerful partners in the country to make sure their political impacts would stay by their sides.Conflict and dialogueBetween white group and black group, there is no divagation in conflict and negotiation area, The success of negotiations, the two partners to understand when other people arrive at what you want to understand how the negotiations. Negotiations are thence part of the business culture in South Africa, but a businessman, you should avoid harsh tactics and actions.In South Africa, and business conflict result always be solved personally or at court. any alliance in the business world of South Africa will be formed based on some sort of agreement where knowledge exists, or some middle man stays bet ween two partners as leverage. As this situation is quite common in this country, a large number of business sues would be directly solved personally when three part of this corporation would all appear. The middle man offers a solution or suggestion, and these two involved partners would seriously discuss the solution based on their common interests. When an agreement to eliminate this conflict is reached, no(prenominal) of hard feelings remain at all. However, there are still majority of cases which cannot be solved in this way. The court will be the other option. Normally when it comes to the court in South Africa, the involve amount of notes would be extremely big enough to be left for personal negotiation.Organizational structure and processesPrivatization is the most widely accepted way of organizing businesses in the South Africa because it allows contacts with international business. Businesses with foreign companies are organized through partnership and joint ventures. F oreigners are not allowed to own businesses in most South Africa without having a local citizen as a partner.Organizational CultureOrganizational Culture, especially in the country of South Africa, involved a common value system generally held by every single member in a certain team. And this system existing uniquely in every business team varies from one to the other. Significantly affected by the cultural clusters among every single team in South Africa, organizational behaviors under this situation should be detailedly undertaken. Not only employing those internationally wide accepted concepts of organizational behaviors but also delicately have every factor which might make changes to the teams future day with these common concepts guide about many obstacles or so called leadership gainsays for team leaders in South Africa. Actually, this special requirement has become a major standard to measure the leading capability of leaders in this country.Acrroding the view as dev elopment people and organizations, Jackson describes South African organizations as highly hierarchical, centralized and rule bound. Management opposes clear rules, strong leadership, controls its employees and gives well-defined lines of authority. regime still has a very strong influence on business and imposes rules as well. Family has influence on the company especially with the rising importance of blacks and their tendency towards collectivism.Organizational repositionSouth African leaders neer stopped making every single effort to bring about positive results to their teams and companies. In order to accomplish this point, making changes inside their organization is a necessarily important step. As mentioned above, in several parts of South Africa, the organization structure, which used to be described as a model where overseas executives act as leaders and domestic employees make general contributions as workers, is undergoing a slight change. The reason resulting in this has something to do the intentional transformation of modern international organizational structure. After all, it would be more efficient for domestic leaders to bond with local employees in that there is a common value system and cultural background shared by them as a whole. The left issue to undertake this major change would be the primary qualification of these domestic leaders in South Africa. Thus, majority of multinational companies who have an office in this country would take some actions to offer systematic trainings to these selected leaders. During these trainings, these leaders will be given thoroughly of the companys culture and made to figure out a most effective way to put these thoughts and ideas into other employees minds by taking advantage of their cultural bonding with other members of the group.Implications for leading in country clusterWhat approach (es) or style(s) of leadership are most commonly used, and which are most/least effective?Euro-centric Approac hManagement of white group reflects the Euro-centric business, and personal characteristics of a dictatorial and hierarchical authority. The organization from top to bottom in the information flow from the organization, Functions of leadership, decision-makers, she or he is a very important decision. Leadership is also provided to employees through the stage business description to use a certain amount of power and decision-making and goal orientation. Are controlled by management, employees, to perform his duties to pursue a given come in incentive and punishment is based on the ability to receive innocence measured significant higher than black managers on uncertainness avoidance. This means that white managers show a higher intolerance for unbelief than black managers. It is important to note that, although white measured higher on uncertainty avoidance than black, both groups scored above average on this dimension. (468-469)Afro-centric ApproachWith more black community ente ring business this management approach may become increasingly visible in organizations. The individual is a part of everything and has to find its grade in society. People need a sense of belonging somewhere, and the administration need to feel affordable. The attitude of the company is quite informal with a free flow of information. The leader is a facilitator and guide for the group. Employees receive motivation in the group, and the group could improve group performance through peoples pressure.The Black South African management group reflects high levels f collectivism and humane orientation, above average leavels of performance orientation, uncertainty avoidance and power distance, below average levels of assertiveness and future orientation and low level of Gender Egalitarianism. This profile is to a large extent opposed to the western or European management systems and comparable to the afrocentric management system, which emphasizes collective solidarity, inclusivity, col laborationism, consensus and group significance, concern for people as well as working for the common good, structure through rituals and ceremonies, patricrchy, respect and dignity. (470)Synergistic inspirational ApproachThis third approach is in South Africa, and trying to desegregate African values with Western technology and management practices based on the principle of the rainbow nation. Practical approach of humanism is seeking unity in diversity. A leader must create an atmosphere of trust and respect in different values, and to create common values and support of learn also is very important.The company has a strong base of values you must have a strong vision and proper management. Literally, this approach takes the best of all cultures, saying that attempts to strengthen the bond to meet future growth.It is clear that which leadership is the most effective, but it depends a lot of leaders and managers of organizations, and how quickly the change happened in South Afric a. If people recognize the importance of diversity and start seeing the benefits, culture could be adapted.As Madi (1995) argues, Change is taking place in the new South Africa, even corporal culture has started to realize that we are all in Africa, and that the average South African is 15 years old and Black and they, with their sense of values, perceptions, and frames of reference, will be the workforce of tomorrow (470)--- -How are leaders developed in these countries?After so many years of research and debate, a culture-based abstract model of South African leadership has been established. Based on careful consideration, two perspectives on the connection between South African culture and leadership behavior do not conflict with each other that obviously. Corresponding to the complex theory of leadership, people need to admit the fact that there are some necessary components of South African culture that promotes unique and positive leadership behaviors. However, some other c omponents inside the South African culture would play negative roles which might drag effective leadership and management practices back. Therefore, constricted entrepreneurship and economic growth would be affected unexpectedly. It is quite important to understand this complicated situation, in order to confront with the fact that success of any leadership development initiative on the continent and future research should seek to provide us with that knowledge. And the watching underlining conceptualization of leadership proposed in this essay might be utilizable as a conceptual model, focusing on the importance of three dimensions of leadership.Provide any other leadership insights about leading in this country clusterEmployees stay loyally to a certain employers with reasons. The simplest one would be the fact that employers would be their major sources of money, security and opportunities for career development. Some leaders might be not made of but they were sooner born with great leaderships. And there might be some major differences between political leaders and leaders in other fields, because those leaders in political world choose to stay there for life. oust Assignment preparation What key factors need to be considered when training exile managers for assignment in your country cluster?Model the way will be the first step to undertake an effective leadership. It doesnt immediately make any difference for just getting a title or a promotion. Instead, what helps the leaders win respects from their followers and gain honors from the companies they serve. Hence, it is quite important for them to perform as a role for their employees to follow. Only by achieving this can a leadership be successfully realized.Second, they have to lock our common target which is making profits by increasing revenue and controlling cost and it was the next move to make everybody in the team to believe that this is the inspired vision, which could bring them an exciting, highly attractive future for our career. exalt A SHARED VISION is the second trick to make team extraordinary.While luck or being in the right place at the right time may play a role in the specific situations, it is believed that challenging the process is a wiser choice. Since they are developing an innovative solution based on a creative product, sexual climax with a cutting-edge service, leading the team to make revolutionary black eye of current embarrassment is significantly crucial.Now, they are aware of the locked target, inspired a common vision for their future and they are also ready to challenge the process, it is the right time to enable others to act. The leaders need to foster collaboration and build trust, because they understand that grand dreams do not become significant reality through the actions of a single leader, leadership is a team effort.The employees need motivation all the time to remain aggressive during the inquisition of achievement as a team memb er. What the leaders inside a team can do is to offer encouragement of the heart to stimulate the followers to move on. Especially in contemporary business world, accomplishing one single task requires a lot of efforts and many other factors to contribute. That has become the responsibility for the leaders to keep encouraging their followers to never pass along behind.

Wireless Sensor Chip to Protect Wildlife

Wireless Sensor Chip to Protect WildlifeName Boyu Yao compendiumThe basal motivation of implanting the wireless sensing element on different animals is that they are illegitimately being poached killed and smuggled or traded for the medicinal purposes while the political science have not been completely able to stop this issues. The wireless sensor networks would be developed to cater this issue in which sensors would be planted in animal that would give the entropy to the administrators rough the animal being attacked. The selective info would be collected through camera for visual, micro forebode for audio, GPs for location and heart rate sensor for getting an idea rough the medical or biological symptoms of the animals whose heart rate increases as it senses danger. The in lay downation would be sent to the restless phones connected to the sensor. This can be a really effective and faster way to overcome the issue and similarly the find out the real culprit behind t his illegal run of the animals. manoeuvers for ExtensionInformation must be given about the sum up battery life of the sensor and complete device that would be deep-rooted along with the type of battery being used to make trusted it is safe and sound as animals go into water.Detailed ways and mechanics of implanting the sensors into the bodies of the animals must be provided as the picture showed the sensor just placed on the head of the animal. Discussion about placing sensor at refine place must be providedThe network protocols that would be sued for the wireless talk should be illustrated in more full point.Interesting pointsThe idea of getting the information about the health of the animals through measuring the heart was a majuscule idea of getting the physical informationThe idea for future exploitation of using the solar energy for battery charging along with size decline is a good way for making device efficient.The connection and information sent to the monitors mobile is the fastest and most interesting way of communication. scholarly person 2Name ShashankStudent number N9537112Topic Proximity sensorsSummaryThis presentation gave a comprehensive overview of the proximity sensors starting with the determination of passing between the capacitive and inductive sensors. The sensors function by measuring the changes in the electrical capacity whenever an object comes near to the sensor while the size and the outdistance of the object hugely determines the changes in the capacitive. The advantage of the sensor is that it does not pauperization to be in physical contact while the low cost and applications over the wide range of the appliances and electronic devices is another fact. The sensor the sensor works by emitting the electromagnetic fields and then measuring the forte of the signals getting back. The changes in capacitance is measured as sensor acts as the one plate of it and the object acts as the other plate of the capacitance. T he capacity of the sensor as just mentioned is closely related to the size and distances.Point needing ExtensionThere must be more information delivered about the mechanism of installing these sensor in different devicesMore information should be given about the capacitive sensing abilities of these sensors with respect to a specific location.The working of these proximity sensors is not described in detail as well as the actual or real form or picture of the device was not included.Interesting pointsThe fact that the forefinger consumption of these sensors is very low makes them suitable for application in mobile devices having no direct power contact.The sensors work perfectly without the human encumbrance in the form of physical contact which makes its convenient and safer for use.It can be applied in a variety of device with the various functions care in car parking to avoid collisions and mobile phones to avoid terms calls and detect touch.

Impact of Global Forces and Complex Interdependencies

Impact of globular Forces and Complex InterdependenciesImpact of Global Forces and Complex Interdependencies on the Modern claim SystemIn unlike Proximities Dynamics Beyond Globalization, Rosenau argues that the man is a rapidly undergoing an epochal transformation. Part of this random transformation is the relentless scientific and technological forwardings which suffer resulted in a collapsed time and distance. Consequently, this has altered the dimensions of the governmental space. In addition, Rosenau provides a detailed and multifaceted analysis of the complexities of planetaryization as opposed to the ever-shrinking reality of uncertainty, contradictions, and change. In his analysis, Rosenau traces the links which indicate the interactions betwixt tidy sum at the individual train and institutions such as kingdoms, multitheme corporations and non-governmental organizations. In addition, the emerging new realities at the world(prenominal) level has contributed to people progressively pervading the routines of life at home and opt for distant proximities.Rosenau distinguishes between local, global and private worlds through their inhabitants orientations towards developments elsewhere. He in like manner analyzes how the residents of these worlds shape and are besides shaped by the diverse collectivities of the global stage. The local worlds such as the state level of governance are undergoing an enormous transformation which is preeminent to a decline (Rosenau 79). However, it is still not possible to draw trig lines between the local and the global worlds because they both embrace the concepts of mental constructs as well as geographical spaces wherefore not easy to distinguish unmistakable boundaries that separate various types of local worlds (Rosenau 80). Similarly, Rosenau states that there are at least quadruple global worlds which are totally different from iodin another. As opposed to the local worlds, the global worlds are populated by individuals who share the tendencies to reckon and act on a photographic plate colossal the local context. However, the global worlds are differentiated by the ways in which the large scale is conceived (Rosenau 118). Three of the four worlds is populated by the favourable Globals, elites activists and persons whose thoughts and actions are worldwide in scale. In addition, the people are not bound by the territorial reserve boundaries. However, there is one global world which is resistant and it is no less worldwide in scale in ground of orientation. Rosenau as well as suggests that the Specialized Globals are the persons whose territorial orientation are not bounded locally. However, they are only oriented towards limited issues on the global agenda.Rosenau further asserts that states as local worlds cannot alone suffice to fulfill a benign globalisation. However, he is quick to note that through enhance local worlds, it is easier to achieve environmental prot ection, global sociable equity, large scale bureaucracy and undemocratic tendencies at the global level. The introduction of global state through the existing state-wide bodys is not innovative according to Rosenau. The suit is because the dress of adhering to the traditional modes of international relations through multinational treaties among nations results to difficulties in scathe of enforcement. According to Rosenau, states cannot be forced to bind themselves and neither can ski binding treaties be forced absolutely. Therefore, since the world is taking a global attitude in terms of economies and governance, the state governing body is slowly crumbling hence variant the realist paradigm obsolete.In the first three chapters of the book, Rosenau outlines the crux of his theory in terms of world affairs. According to his theory, the emergent epoch in globalisation is characterized by the fact that no events are truly remote or irrelevant (Rosenau 3). According to him, even the nearly seemingly localized happenings commonly choose far-reaching consequences to other people regardless of their locations. In addition, the contemporary world is highly fragmented which implies a perversive interaction between both the fragmenting and the integrating dynamics which are unfolding at every level of the community (Rosenau 11). The author also undertakes a comparison between the foregone state of events ahead and after globalization. According to him, the macrostructures such as the governments and corporations are less central and historical flowly than they used to be before the age of globalization. Unlike in the past when state system was common, individuals have ferment more involved with the course of events. Therefore, a primary reason why the state system is breaking down is because it was more touch on with the macro structures. On the contrary, the global forces of complex interdependencies are rapidly emerging because it is not only based on the actions and motives of the collectives, but also to the micro-macro interactions between the individual people and the institutions representing them (Rosenau 25).Under atomisation, Rosenau describes four major course of actions which describe the current fragmenting and interacting forces. The first trend evident in the modern world is science revolution whereby the pace at which individuals are acquiring skills has expanded at a faster rate compared to the previous epoch (Rosenau 233). The second trend which is hampering the state system while promoting globalization is the modern technological advancement and concurrent information revolution leading to a rapid mass meeting of the same (Rosenau 256). The last two major developments which have supported fragmentation include the attenuation of the traditional authority structures such as governments and replacement of the same by new, more flexible spheres of authority such as nongovernmental actors. The new developmen t has shifted the linear into the nonlinear and the sequential into the simultaneous (Rosenau 262).Rosenau also applies his theoretical framework on globalization in four chief(prenominal) global issues including corruption, human rights, quality of governance and poverty. He categorically outlines the changes that have been experienced in human right protection in terms of the four fragmegrative dynamics. Among the major issues analyzed include the tension between the national sovereignty and individual liberties. Also, the author establishes the human right issues related to accomplished versus social and economic rights. As opposed to the state system which has a reputation for denying individual rights depending on the constitution and the form of government in charge, the global system is more open to various aspects of human rights. In addition, the global system counterchecks the rights of individuals on a global scale hence deriving the existing differences between variou s systems.The book also discuss various ways in which the people experience fragmentation in the current global system. According to Rosenau, people are more refer about populating any of the twelve worlds which correspond to a predominant perspective of life. Based on this perspective, people are likely to arrange their priorities in consistent with the available opportunities, the values they hold dear, the goals they aspire, the horizons viewed as salient and the threats conceived as serious (Rosenau 41). This provides the ultimate difference between the state and the global system which Rosenau names as the local and the global worlds. According to him, people think and act on a scale which exceeds the local context (Rosenau 118). The four private worlds which are neither local nor global worlds include the Tuned-Out Passives, the Cynics, the Illegals and the slender Passives (Rosenau 154). Using the twelve world model, Rosenau has created an innovative method of contemplating about globalization both at the state and at the individual level. In the global level, the society and its people are increasingly becoming interdependent. Consequently, its situations and conflicts are also becoming complex. These complexities are proving extremely difficult to address using the long-standing norms (Rosenau 205). virtually of the complexities of the global system which are are increasingly paralyzing the state system include the expanded war on terrorism, the effort of the International abominable Court to prosecute foreign heads of state accused of crimes against humanity and cyber terrorism. Although Rosenau emphasizes the fate to reflect on the past recorded processes of observation, it is also critical to prefer out some circumstances as important and dismissing others as trivial. other impact of globalization outlined by Rosenau is on the structures of authority. According to him, most of the authority structures in various parts of the world have become overtaken by crises as a result of dynamics of fragmegration (Rosenau 273). Most of the state systems are vulnerable to global crises requiring a wider range of solutions beyond the territorial boundaries. In addition, it is important to move meaningfully beyond globalization in the transformation of structures, institutions and processes which are key to the sustenance of the modern economic, political and social life (Rosenau 274).Although Rosenau makes critical arguments in the book, there are several shortcomings with his theories on globalization. For instance, the concepts of distant proximities, micro-macro interactions which he describes at the books postscript are so obvious. Secondly, he does not back some his contentious claims with adequate evidence such as historical comparisons. This makes his theoretical constructs null and void. In addition, Rosenau fails to take a position consistently on most of his argument especially on the matters of the importance of dichotomi es in his theoretical constructs. However, he provides an alternative and unique weight down through which globalization can be studied and its influence on the current state system clearly seen.Work CitedRosenau, James N. Distant proximities dynamics beyond globalization. Princeton, NJ Princeton UP, 2003.

Looking At Elderly Abuse In Developed Countries Social Work Essay

Looking At gray shout out In Developed Countries Social Work EssayAs the state continues to time, it is becoming attachly important to focus on policies and practices that set up and enhance the advantageously macrocosm of the aged(a) existence in later sustenance. matchless sad reality for m any seniors in later life and an increasing cause for concern is old crime. time-worn cry out is unitary of the or so(prenominal) disturbing and rapidly growing beas of crime with with(predicate) issue the global. It is passing onerous to exactly quantify the extent of aged horror because galore(postnominal) such(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) subjects go undetected and under-reported.The World Health Organization reported that it is princip altogethery totald that smear of sure-enough(a) spate is either an act of discuss or of omission or omission, and it whitethorn either be wise(p) or un goalal (Krug et al., 2002). It results in unn ecessary suffering, injury, the loss of violation of benignant rights, and a decreased quality of life for the carcasser(a) psyche. Like any other(a) attain of domestic violence, affront of the senile initi onlyy remained as a private matter hidden from universal view. It was initially seen as a friendly wellbeing issue and latter on a task of ageing, but now has developed into a signifi whoremongert familiar wellness and criminal saveice concern. The value of loving family institution has been tarnished by greed, position-struggle and impatience.Despite aged abhorrence is not entirely a new-sprung(prenominal) issue it is time to find out the prevention bearings to be implemented and effective interventions to emerge. There argon a a few(prenominal) welfargon shoots that will be highlighted after so that the young genesis befuddle a strong sense of love and fearfulness towards the senior citizen. agedlyNowa daytimes, Malaysians ar vivification greater they are on an second-rate of 74 years for men and 78 years for women. In others words, their life expectancy has addition. With the advances in medical checkup headache and better nutrition, of age(p) plurality are living longer, they are to a greater extent visible, more active and more in seement than ever before and they are in better health. so there is a growing concern regarding the global phenomenon of aging. A decline in quality in the birth as well as decease order has resulted in an increase in the oldenly population. Given that the fourth-year population is on the essay, it is of paramount importance to examine the trouble of the aged soulfulnesss.2005(%)2010(%) substance Population26.75 m28.96 m65 and above1.15 m4.3%1.36 m4.7 % This table shows that the total population and the aged of 65 years or above in Malaysia amid the year of 2005 and 2010. In 2005, the total population of Malaysia was 26.75 million, and which 1.15 million or 4.3% was aged 65 years and above. Moreoer, in 2010, Malaysia soon has a population of approximately 29 million, and aged 65 years and above has increased to 1.36 million or 4.7%. With the projected population harvest- internal of 2% annually, it expected that the total population in 2020 will rise to 34 million, of which 3.2 million or 9.5% will be the age of 65 years and above. In the year 2035, the country is expected to eat a total population of roughly 46 million of which 6.9 million or 15% will be the aged 65 years and above. This is unvarnished that Malaysias demographic ageing pattern is emerging. Based on the figure showed in this table, the real rime of fourth-year person view increased lately, which as well means that the number of elderly will continue to grow over the coming year. As the populations of cured Malaysian grows, so there has a hidden problem of elder revilement. Further, the number of elderly with chronic infirmity is in all likelihood to increase. This quarter pose an increased interference on their fearfulnessgivers such as family members, and it could lead to a high jeopardy of elderly guy. old subvert older clapperclaw is a single or ingeminate act or wishing of appropriate naturalise occurring within any consanguinity where there is an expectation of imprecate which causes stultification or inconvenience to an older person (Action on elderly Abuse 1995). The wilful imposition of injury, unreasonable confinement, intimidation or cruel punishment with resulting corporal harm or pain or moral anguish, or the wilful loss by a interesttaker of goods or service which are necessary to repress physical harm, psychic anguish or psychogenic illness (1985 Elder Abuse Prevention, Identification Treatment Act). According to the Swanson (1999), elder vitiate refers to the mistreatment of older people by those in a position of trust, power or responsibility for their concern. This is a global problem that is likely to intensif y in view of the increasing number of older people and the changing socio- sparing and environmental conditions worldwide (Randel et al. 1999). Further, Hazzard (1995) described elder ill-use as cruel and inhumane treatment of the elderly. Kapur (1997) defines it as a kind of harassment or an detriment done to the elderly by the family members themselves. In fact, there is excessively many definition of elder execration but despite this, most would agree with this definition an action or inaction by nighone in a position of trust a lot a family member or unrelated disquietgiver. Normally, more than two-thirds of the maltreaters are their family members and are typically giving their underlying bespeaks or care sign such as food, shelter, in-person care or transportation. In others word, someone who commits elder abuse usually has control or determine over the older person. The older persons often know and trust the maltreaters. Some victims of elder abuse depend on the people who hurt them, sometimes for food, shelter, personalized care, or transportation. Therefore, the abusers could be their family members, helper someone the older people relies on for basic needs or round in group residential settings such as care homes or in long term health care facilities.The preponderance of Elderly Abuse in Five Developed CountriesCountry prevalence (%)USA3.2Canada4.0Finland5.4Netherlands5.6 united Kingdom5.0The accepted prevalence rates of abuse of older people are drawn from five community surveys carried out in developed countries, which are USA, Canada, Finland, Netherlands and United Kingdom. The prevalence of the elderly abuse in USA with percentage is 3.2%, in Canada is 4.0%, in Finland is 5.4%, in Netherlands is 5.6% and United Kingdom is 5.0%.But in Malaysia, the information and data of elderly abuse is scarce. There are no reported cases of elder abuse to the surgical incision of Social well-being as well as no function keeps proper records of the incidence of elder abuse in this country. Although this epidemic is close to unheard of in Malaysia, we are challenged to be conscious of the many faces of elder abuse in our protest confederacy and this issue is much more common than societies admit.Types of elder abuseElder abuse referred to an inappropriate action that causes harms or di tense up to an elderly which the older person has expectation trust onto the person. Elder abuse after part take in several forms. Elder abuse may take form in physical, psychological, fiscal, internal abuse, thoughtlessness and ceasement that cause di tune to a person who is past solitude age.Physical AbusePhysical elder abuse is non-accidental use of suck up against an elderly person that results in physical pain, injuries, or impairment (Ellen, Tina, Jeanne, 2008). This abuse includes not only physical assaults such as hitting or shoving but the inappropriate use of medicates, restraints, or confinement. The physical acts o f violence commonly include slapping, hitting, and striking with objects. Indicators of potential physical abuse are mortified bones, sprains, or dislocations, undetermined signs of injury such as bruises, welts, or scars, oddly if they appear symmetrically on two side of the body, signs of being restrained, such as rope marks on wrists (Elder Abuse.com, 2009). Diagnosis may be concentrated even at autopsy as findings may be subtle and invariably some chronic or debilitating disease would be present. The case of an elderly lady from a nursing home referred to the police for loucheed physical abuse. Investigations showed that osteomalacia and spontaneous fractures could have accounted for her injuries. However, recognition of physical abuse may not be straightforward, as injuries may be secondary to falls to which the frail elderly are more prone. aflame abuseEmotional abuse is defined as the infliction of anguish, pain, or distress of elderly. Emotional abuse besides referred as an act with the intention that causing emotional pain or injury which often accompanies physical abuse. This abuse may be happens in verbal or communicatory acts. Verbal forms are included humiliation and ridicule, intimidation through let loose or threats and habitual blaming or scapegoating. Nonverbal emotional elder abuse chiffonier take the form of ignoring the elderly person, isolating an elder from friends or activities and terrorizing or menacing the elderly person (Ellen, Tina, Jeanne, 2008). Therefore, an elderly person who shows fear, passive, withdrawn, little self esteem, reluctance to talk openly, insomnia, fatigue and listlessness or sway mimics dementia, such as rocking, sucking, or mumbling to oneself may be mistreated in the form of emotional abuse. monetary AbuseExploitation of the elderly is in like manner packed as an abuse which includes acts of clobber or financial exploitation. Financial or material exploitation is defined as the illegal or improp er use of an elders funds, property, or assets (Elder Abuse.com, 2009). Elder financial abuse is one of the most difficult types of elder abuse to recognize due to its neglect of obvious symptoms. Some of these include misuse an elders personal checks, credit cards, or accounts, steal elders cash, income checks, or household goods. Most common precedent case is the announcements of a prize that the elderly person has won but they need to pay money to claim (Ellen, Tina, Jeanne, 2008). as well that, theft of pension checks, threats to use the signing or changing of wills or other legal documents, and compulsion involving any financial matters overly consider as the example of the financial abuse. Indicators of potential financial abuse may include unusual swan account activity, sudden changes in the elders financial condition, or worsening medical conditions due to neglect of follow up or unfilled drug prescriptions. Exploitation may as well as occur in the form of baloney s chemes someone may persuade the elderly person to withdraw their life savings in a get rich quick scheme, or contractors convincing the elderly that the house needs repairs which in reality index be unnecessary. Financial abuse is one of the most difficult types of elder abuse to diagnose as the victim may not be aware of its occurrence or may not know how to set about help.Abandonment and NeglectAbandonment is defined as the desertion of an elderly person by an individual who had physical custody or other had assumed responsibility for providing care for an elder. It excessively referred to the action of withdrawing a person or a thing entirely putting aside all care for him or it. Neglect of the elderly is also a form of abuse and is often referred to the refusal or failure to fulfil any pop out of a persons obligations or duties to an elder. This may be intentional or unwitting neglect. Active neglect is the intentional withholding of basic necessities or care, darn passive neglect is not providing basic necessities and care because of a deficiency of experience, information or ability. Another area to consider is self-neglect where older heavy(a)s, by choice or ignorance, live in ways that disregard health or safety needs, sometimes to the extent that the disregard also poses a hazard to others. For example, the caregiver may be unable to perform care giving duties such as bathing or changing an incontinent elderly person. Therefore, an elderly person with unusual vile hygiene, loss in weight, little nutrition, skin irruptd consume, unsuitable clothing, unsafe and unclean living conditions such as no heat or running water, faulty electrical wiring, other fire hazards and smelling of urine may be omit either intentionally or unintentionally.Sexual AbuseSexual abuse is defined as non-consensual and unwilling sexual contact of any kind. This includes all unwanted sexual activity, such as verbal or suggestive behaviour, fondling, sexual intercour se or a lack of personal privacy. as well that, activities such as showing an elderly person pornographic material, forcing the person to watch sex acts, or forcing the elder to undress are also considered sexual elder abuse. Indicators of potential physical abuse are undetermined venereal disease or genital infections, bruises around breasts or genitals, unexplained vaginal or anal bleeding and torn, stained, or bloody underclothing (Ellen, Tina, Jeanne, 2008). Sexual abuse usually implies a physical sexual relationship with an elderly person without that persons informed consent, though this is not restricted to sexual intercourse but includes other forms of intimate sexual contact. It is often difficult to ratify whether sexual abuse has occurred, unless the individual has cognitive impairment.Signs and symptoms of elder abuseSigns and symptoms of elder abuse should be taken seriously. It is lively that we are rattling to the possible indicators of abuse. In assessing any s ituation, it is important to realize that an indicator may be present for reasons other than abuse or neglect. However, if a combination of the by-line indicators is present there is a need to further explore why those indicators are present. Increase awareness of abuse signs and symptoms as well as monitor the progress in suspected cases of abuse. Home care community nurses can play a critical role in detecting suspected cases of elder abuse. However, in Malaysia, we do not as yet have a health care system in place for such purposes, although these types of services are only now behind emerging. Hence the only opportunity for detecting abuse is when the older cock-a-hoop visits a primary care setting or an emergency department.Characteristics of the handle ElderMost victims of elder abuse are mentally commensurate and able to make decisions for them. Most of them able to taking care of their own health needs and do not need constant care. Although some victims of elder abuse are generally dependent on their abuser in some way, their dependency is not necessarily because they are mentally incapable or physically frail (Al Loney, 2006). However, if the older people who having mental or physical disability, they may be more threatened to be mistreated. Those at risk are most likely to be female, widowed, frail, cognitively impaired, and chronically ill. The older adults who poor in physical health, highly colony on the abuser, functional or cognitive impairment and a living arrangement shared with the abuser are consider as risk factors for elder abuse. Normally, older women are more open to abuse than older men and are burdened with a lifetime of experiences and beliefs that may increase their susceptibility. In most instances, violence and abuse against older women can be sexual, physical or psychological and also can include material or financial abuse and neglect. It can occur in the home, in institutions or as a result of harmful cultural practice s that specifically target older women (Breatheinspirit, 2006).There are various studies have looked at factors associated with elder abuse. In the NEAIS report, females and those aged 80 and above were more likely to suffer abuse, family members were the most likely perpetrators and victims of self-neglect were usually depressed, confused or extremely frail. Other studies have similarly reported vulnerable elderly as those with physical and mental weaknesses, advanced age, women, those with previous abusive relationships in the family, financial strain and caregiver stress and burnt out.Characteristics of the AbuserThe abuser is most likely the person with whom the elderly person stays with. More often, the abuser is a close relative 80% being spouses and children of the victims, or a close relative. In some cases, elder abuse may be caused to abusers over use of drug or alcohol, history of anti-social behaviour, or mental illness problems. Abuse is more likely to happen when the a buser is expiry through a period of high stress. It may be the stress of looking after the older person due to old age is a time of weak health, low income, meaningless role, or the death of loved ones (Al Loney, 2006). These problems may be creating great unhappiness for older people and then damage the relationships with their family. In extreme cases, this may lead to abuse.Elder abuse often happens because of the abusers power and to the full control over an older person. Family members who depend on the elder for financial, housing, or other necessities have a higher risk of become an abuser. A caregivers inexperience, a history of family violence, economic dependence on the elder or a blaming personality and fantastic expectations often render to elderly abuse. The abuser may be lack involved in community activities, social services, and even contact with other family members. to a fault that, they may lack of family advocate, facing marital conflict, overcrowding and th e high burden of care set(p) on the caregiver. In most of elder abuse cases, the abuser may not allow people to visit or talk to the older person alone.On the other hands, staff in long-term care homes, such as homes for the aged and charitable institutions, cleverness involved in abuse the older people in physically or mentally. Abusers are more likely to be staff members who are not able to do their jobs properly (Al Loney, 2006). This may due to poor of training, low salary, over-work without pay, or under-staffing. Besides that, it also could be the staffs have personal problems that influence their services to older people which under their care. But, there is no excuse for abuse. The personal circumstances or problems of the caregiver cant be an excuse of elder abuse. These problems may be factors in the abuse, but they do not try to recognize it. It is unmoral because the older people are fully trusted and relies on the caregiver, but the caregiver misuse the trust of the ol der people to do something that threaten to the older people.Common Reasons Elder Abuse Is Not ReportedThe actual and prevalence of elder abuse is undiagnosed and difficult to measure. Elderly abuse exists in our society but it is rarely reported, and perhaps even less so in an Asian society where filial piety and respect for the elderly is traditionally highly regarded. This problem often remains undetected because of poor public awareness and lack of knowledge among health care personnel. This is because it can cause some uncomely effects on the health and quality of life of the elderly. Due to their mental capacity, they are unaware of the help available to them. Therefore, elder abuse is seldom reported. In most situations, elderly are unlikely to report that they are abused as they are fear of embarrassment and fear of losing care give. They are mostly completely under the control of the abuser and depend on the abusers for food, shelter, clothing and health care. Furthermo re, they also fear of harm by the abuser. Some of them are lack of awareness they are only suspect but uncertain that is abuse, therefore, the cases of elder abuse is hardly to report and also seldom reported.Risk Factors for elder abuseAbuse of older adults is such a complex issue with no single explanation. However, there are many factors seem to contribute to these critical issues and each case has its own unique mix of factors.One of the most obvious factors is the family dynamics. The habits, values, emotional and header skills are learned early in life and largely through family interaction. In other words, if unhealthy or violent behaviours go unchecked, abuse may continue when roles are reversed. Therefore, if a child who was previously abused becomes a primary caregiver, there is a probability that the cycle of abuse will continue and be inflicted on a dependent parent.Besides that, inability to cope with stress e sparely for those non professional caregiver such as spouse s, adult children, other relatives and friends find taking care of an elder would caused many responsibilities. This may be extremely stressful to cope with the demands of elder care giving. As a result, the stress of elder care can lead to mental and physical heaths problems that caused caregivers impatient, burned out, and sometimes are unable to keep from lashing out against elders in their care.Next, problem of elderly abuse may also happen in the nursing home when the staffs who worked are those lacks of experience and training. This is because even caregivers in institutional settings can experience stress at levels that can lead to elder abuse. The nursing home staff may be prone to elder abuse if they lack training, have too many responsibilities and are unsuited to care giving, or they are work under poor conditions.Social isolation can also conceal and perpetuate abuse or neglect. An older person may become isolated due to physical or mental illness, or through the loss of friends and family members. Therefore, isolation does not simply conceal abuse and neglect it perpetuates the problem. The result of this isolation can make it easier for an abuser to exploit, neglect or abuse an older person.There is a significantly higher risk for elder abuse if without a caring support network. In addition, if a caregiver imposes isolation to avoid uncovering the abuse, this is also a form of abuse.In addition, sometimes caregivers who are unable to cope with the long term care giving may react to the stress of too many responsibilities in appropriate ways. These unusual releases way are such as abusing, neglecting the older adults in their care. Also, most of the caregivers perception is that taking care of the elder is burdensome and without psychological reward. Thus, many of them choose to neglect the older adults.The societys acceptance towards violence can also be a form of factors in contributing the elderly abuse. For example the Canadians see violence in the news, movie and television shows. This wide exposure often leads to a general acceptance or tolerance of violence as an acceptable way of venting frustration or anger. Thus, this tolerance creates an environment which can contribute to abuse and neglect of older adults.The welfare needs of elderly offbeat needs are necessary for elderly in order to match the growing elder abuse issue. The government, law and legislation, mass media, school education, health care providers, family and also elderly have the responsibility to give support the rights of old persons.The governmentThe National Service weapons platform or Program Latihan Khidmat Negara (PLKN) was established since started in 2004 as a response to the Malaysian Governments go for to inculcate the spirit of patriotism in the hearts and minds of Malaysian youths. Besides to develop the spirit of patriotism, it instils a spirit of caring and volunteerism among members of society as well as to develop positive charact eristics among younger generation through good values. The three-month program is aimed at shaping young people into disciplined, self-reliant and resilient citizens capable of advancing the nation.From this programme, the young generations could learn how to respect the elderly. well-being pension should be introduced in Malaysia. If elderly do not have the ability to claim maintenance from their financially-able children, they have the pension as a security. It is seen as a way to eradicate poverty. The senior citizens are mollify able to take care of themselves in spite of they are woebegone by their merciless children.Abuse prevention programme could be introduced by Malaysian government as well. Its purpose is to provide and arrange for services to protect adults who are unable to protect themselves from abuse and provide older adults with information about their rights. For example, Abuse Prevention Programme (APP) in Australia which supports older adults who are being abus ed, or who are at risk of being abused, by someone with whom they are in a relationship of trust, such as family and friends. APP advocates work in consultation with the older adult, either directly, or with someone else the older person has chosen (their representative). APP can embolden them to recognise and go through the issues related to abuse of their rights as well as address information about options which they can implement to assert their rights. Besides, it suggests action they can take to stop abuse of their rights and give them with appropriate advocacy support that enables them to have their rights met.In addition, the government can launch adult day care programme, which it enables the caregivers to get time off during the day. Adult day care is a planned program of activities designed to promote well-being though social and health related services. Adult day care centres sour during daytime hours, Monday through Friday, in a safe, supportive, cheerful environmen t. It not just provides older persons an opportunity to get out of the house and receive both mental and social stimulation but also gives caregivers a much-needed break in which to attend to personal needs, or simply rest and relax. right and legislationMalaysia law and legislation also play a vital role in overcoming the elderly abuse problem. Malaysia law can establish a legislative Elder restrictive Act which is warranted to protect our vulnerable elderly from untold suffering. They have the right to live with dignity and security. For example in all 50 US states have specific adult protection legislation within which issues related to elder abuse and/or neglect are addressed. This legislation is influenced by child welfare models, and is characterised by legal powers of investigation, intervention and mandatory reporting. In the absence of federal mandates, states have been developing their own responses to adult abuse, neglect and exploitation. Legislative Elder Protective Ac t should be implemented by the government to safeguard the rights of our vulnerable elderly.Suggestion has been made for the government of Malaysia to adopt a law which allowing the elderly parents to claim maintenance from their financially-able children. This can be learned from the country of capital of Singapore where the Maintenance of Parents Act enables parents above 60 years old who cannot support themselves to seek legal action forcing their children to provide maintenance for them.The government of Malaysia should also tighten the law and can used country of India as an example. In India, children could be imprisoned or fined or be subjected to both if they abandon their elderly parents. The Tamil Nadu government is set to notify rules for the Maintenance and Welfare of Parents and Senior Citizens Act, 2007, to help tribunals in each district decide on the order of maintenance for elderly citizens, who complain about being omit by their children. Therefore, the government is committed to develop such services and rise policies against elder abuse in Malaysia.Malaysia, being one of a few countries that uphold Syariah Law has Islamic Law that governs the welfare of family matters including the ageing parents, following the case in which a couple sued their daughter for not providing satisfactory maintenance as what they have agreed.Elder abuse is a theme problem with far reaching consequences for individuals, families, communities, and institutions. The state courts must play a critical role in addressing the needs of victims of elder abuse. The courts ability to assist older persons essentially determines whether individuals live their remaining years with respect and dignity, or are further alienated from the justice system with personal safety. press MediaMass media also plays a quite significant role in minimizing the problem of elderly abuse in Malaysia. The media was often blamed as one of the sources of the negative images of older adults in s ociety. It was seen as important to work with the media to change these negative images, to raise awareness and to educate the population about elder abuse. They are able to inspire the public to be aware of this social issue by utilizing mass media such as televisions, radio networks, internet, newspaper, magazines, etc.Nevertheless the problem often remains undetected because of poor public awareness and lack of knowledge among healthcare personnel. Therefore, the print as well as electronic media are to play active roles to increase the societys awareness of the elderly.Media coverage of elder abuse cases can make the public knowledgeable about-and outraged against-abusive treatment in those settings. Due to most abuse occurs in the home by family members or caregivers, there needs to be a concerted effort to educate the public about the special needs and problems of the elderly and about the risk factors for abuse. Within mass media cultures, social issues such as elder abuse, have key reference points which can attract concentrated coverage of the topic and carry influential associations in public perceptions. For example, in USA, the Indochina Sino-American company Centreformed a densification called Chinese Americans Restoring Elders, they used mass media to encourage the public to contact the Community Centre for matters related to elder abuse provided some individual counselling sessions and conducted a press conference and distributed brochures and flyers in Chinatown to commemorate World Elder Abuse Awareness Day.The television networks always played the advertisements that have the influence on the public over the caring of the elderly. Like the PESTRONAS during religious or cultural holidays (namely Aidilfitri, Chinese New Year, Deepavali) are often accompanied by touching advertisement that convey the message to show love and care to our parents.School EducationEducation is the cornerstone of preventing elder abuse. This education needs to sta rt very early, in primary school.The students need to be better to perceive to older adults more favourably as positive contributors to society. The elderly do not necessary mean burden to the family or society. With their riches of knowledge and experience, they can still contribute to economic development and wealth creation. They have contributed to the development of the nation in their earlier years and they can still continue to be productive in their golden years. The students should consider senior citizens are an important and integral part of our society.Students need to understand the interpersonal dynamic of care-giving. For example, they need to be award of the value placed on the dependency and inter-dependency in care-giving role reversals in care-giving and how unresolved emotions between the elderly and the care-giver influence the care-giving process.The school curriculum is to include education on the family to enable the younger generation to understand and app reciate the elderly. They need to be encouraged to form closer relationships with older adults. The general population also needs to be aware that elder abuse happens and is a problem. Students need to understand the subtle difference between abuse, neglect and abandonment theoretically as well as operationally. The moral education teachers not just teach theoretically but also operationally. What is more, the schools should organise a numbers of the activities like visiting old folks hou

The Treatment Of Youth Gang Members Criminology Essay

The interposition Of younker junto Members Criminology EssayShould Convicted jejuneness conspiracy Members Be treat Like Other Juvenile abandoneds, Including Status Offenders? According to the National Gang Center, there is no single, generally accepted definition of a closed chain. adduce and local jurisdictions tend to develop their own definitions. The term way aggroup is often used interchangeably with youth junto as soundly as cruel street gang, with the latter explicitly de noning the element of reprehensible activity found almost universally in gang-related legislation (National Gang Center, 2011). There ar different fibers of gangs, for example There argon Delinquent Youth Gangs which are considered as groups of new-fangled individuals, juveniles, who hang out and do everything together. The group will identify themselves with similar clothing, hand signals, or colors. They meet engaged in delinquent acts or undesirable behavior much(prenominal) as truancy, status horrors or minor vandalism. Their behavior often warrants the prudence of the local law enforcement, residents and the school system but they make not reached the level of indueting unspoilt crimes. Traditional Turf Based Gangs are when groups of new-made people, juveniles and or adults, who have a known name and leader or leaders who identify themselves through clothing, hand signals, and colors. Turf Based Gangs usually associate themselves with a territory, which they defend against rival gang shares. These gang members have engaged in such acts as vandalism (graffiti), assault, and in some(a) cases homicide. Then there are the get into Oriented Gangs which are groups of unexampled people, juveniles and adults. They are similar to the Turf Based Gangs because they also have a known name and a leader or leaders. The individuals within this type of gang repeatedly engage in criminal activities as a group or individually for the sole purpose of economic gain. Gain oriented gang members will engage in offenses such as robbery, theft and the distribution and sale of a controlled substance. Lastly, is the Violent/Hate Gangs which are groups of young people, juveniles and adults with a known name and a leader or leaders. The Violent/Hate gang members collectively engage in criminal acts of violence towards groups or individuals, which is considered to be their primary motivation. Geographical turf, material and economical gain is secondary. The offenses that The Violent/Hate gangs lodge are serious assaults and homicide.Youth Involvement in GangsThe 2004 National Youth Gang Survey issued information estimating that 41 percent of youth gang members were juveniles and 59 percent were young adults age 18 or older (Snyder and Sickmund, 2006, p.83). The age of membership for Youth Gang members is generally between the ages of 12 and 24 (Hess, 2010, p.200). There are many reasons why youth join gangs. One reason is the socio-economic minimize of th e individual. Other reasons could be for attention, wanting to find oneself a part of something, colleague pressure, financial gain, the feeling of being loved and accepted (something that they may not feel at home), and for protection. Children search for acceptance and attention from gangs who show a false sense of love by giving the child street status and an identity of their own. In return the child shows complete subjection to the gang to the extent of disowning biological family members. Many parents have no clue that their child is affiliated with a gang. To combat the growing bother of youth gangs parents must become more involved with their childs sidereal day to day activities. Parents must educate themselves on the warning signs of gang activity. Parents should have an in-depth give-and-take of gangs and the harsh realities of living a life as a gang member, for example an extensive criminal record, prison, and death of friends and family.Juvenile Delinquents and S tatus OffensesA juvenile delinquent is a person who is under age, which is usually to a lower place the age of 18, who is found to have committed a crime in states which have declared by law that a minor lacks responsibleness and thus may not be sentenced as an adult (Farlex, 2011) . However, the legislatures of several(prenominal) states have reduced the age of a criminal responsibility for serious crimes or for repeat wrongdoers to as low as 14. Status offense is an offense committed by a juvenile that would not be a crime if committed by an adult. Some examples of status offenses are, truancy, caterpillar track away, curfew violation, incorrigibility or endangering health and morals.ConclusionA convicted youth gang member should not be treated like a status wrongdoer or juvenile delinquent. (Hess, 2010, p.200) states belonging to a gang is not nonlegal in this country however, many of the activities that gangs participate in are illegal. Gangs commit shootings, assaults, ro bberies and other idle crimes engage in extortion and other felonies traffic in drugs and generally terrorize neighborhoods. Convicted youth gang members are aware of the crimes they commit and some consider it as a way of life. These crimes are intimately more serious than status offenses or delinquent behavior. I feel that offender based criteria should be the factor which control the finis-making process, be it the decision to directly file or transfer a juvenile offender to adult court for prosecution or the decision as to what authorize should ultimately be imposed if a juvenile offender is convicted. Gangs actively recruit membership in their early-to-mid teens to carry out violent and grievous crimes as a way to prove themselves to gang leaders and to sum up their individual standing within the gangs hierarchy. Because many states mandate lesser penalties for violent juvenile offenders than adults, gang leadership often have juvenile gang members perform violent crimes t owards others because there is less of an ability to prosecute them. art object I strongly believe treatment, rehabilitation, youth gang prevention initiatives and outside programs are important tools in addressing Americas gang problem, the ability to provide quick enforcement of violent juvenile offenders is necessary to keep our nations communities safe.

Never Giving Up in Steinbecks The Moon is Down Essay -- Moon is Down

Never Giving Up in Steinbecks The Moon is overmatch Machine Gun fire blasts over your head while your privacy in your home, the tho protection available. A slight whistle begins in the distance but it soon becomes closer and closer, its sound becomes louder and more screaming(prenominal) with all(prenominal) inch of ground that it covers. Then as soon as it started the whistle becomes an explosion-killing half of your friends and destroying any-thing in its path. The end is near as your townshipshipspeoplesfolk is conquered and you think there is nobody left to fight. But is there? This is a short description of what the townspeople of a small European town may have heard the day their town was seized by the Ger human race army in John Steinbecks romance The Moon is Down (1942).Steinbecks novel begins with a description of how easily the town was occupied by a far superior army that was well planned and was prepared for every possible outcome. The novel continues telling th e story about a town that refuses to give up its freedom because it is out numbered and over powered. I cerebrate that the story does not have a principal(prenominal) character, but if in fact it does, the two would have to be the German high play Colonel Lanser and the towns Mayor Orden. These two are hard to define as principal(prenominal) characters because of their simplicity. Lanser is a German man that has been in the army since the First terra firma War and is only doing his duty as a commanding officer. The mayor is a calm man who only wants the best for the people of his town. The main theme that the novel is based on is simply overcoming adversity and neer giving up. The theme of a novel buns change the consummate meaning of the story for each individual reader. If one person reads a book and he/she thinks that the books main them... ...ry. If I tell them to fight they leave behind be glad, and I who am not a brave man will have made them a little braver. The Ma yor says this only because he knows that he will be killed no matter what he does but he knows that he must do anything he can to overcome adversity and help his people.The novel concludes with Mayor Orden being kill after telling the people of the town not to give up and to keep fighting till the end as he did. The storys finishing plays perfectly into its theme because the mayor knew that he mustnt give up because helplessness is contagious. If the mayor were to have given up then its likely the town would have fell shortly. Overall the story of a small town trying to overcome its problems and never giving up is a lawful story of David and Goliath. Works CitedStienbeck, John. The Moon is Down (1946).The Penguin Group. New York, New York

Change In Heart Of Darkness :: essays research papers

Joseph Conrad once wrote, &8220the case-by-case consciousness was destined to be in total contradiction to its corporal and moral milieu (Watt 78) the validity of his statement is reflected in the physiological and psychological changes that the characters in both his Heart of Darkness and Coppola&8217s Apocalypse Now change as they travel up their respective rivers, the Congo and the Nung. Each tour up the tropical river is symbolic of a transit of discovery into the dyed heart of man, and an encounter with his capacity for evil. In such a sweep the characters regress to their basic instincts as they assimilate themselves into an alien world with its cardinal dangers. In Heart of Darkness, going up the river is described to be comparable&8220travelling back to the earliest beginnings of the world, when vegetation rioted on the earth and the uncollectible trees were kings. An empty stream, a great silence, and impenetrable forest &8230 (Conrad ?). The river, one which &8 220resembles an commodious snake uncoiled &8230 with its tail lost in the depths of the land (Conrad ?), is &8220dangerous, dark, mysterious, treacherous, and concealed (Karl 32). When the characters are unable to withstand the various temptations along this passage they helplessly sell their souls to corruption. In both the book and the movie, the various events along each individual journey help illustrate not only the physical deterioration of the environment and the characters&8217 health but also the psychological degradation of the characters&8217 conscience and consciousness.In both Heart of Darkness and Apocalypse Now, the various dramatic shifts in the environment from the onset of the river journeys delineate an increasing barbarity and savagery as the characters penetrate deeper and deeper into the heart of darkness. The direction of both journeys are formally naturalised as a movement from &8220open and boundless to narrow and curb spaces (Adelman 66), from the light of the sun into the darkness. Projected towards the wilderness, each journey reflects a voyage into the &8220gloom of over-shadowed distances (Conrad ?). In Heart of Darkness, the rivers begin to narrow as the ships come near Kurtz&8217s compound, and Conrad describes this last section of the river as &8220narrow, straight, with high sides like a railway cutting (?). In Apocalypse Now, the river towards the end of the journey is located among steep cliffs on both sides these men are symbolically pin down within this valley, with no chance of escaping from the many horrors they face.

Everything that rises must converge study guide :: essays research papers

Everything That Rises Must Converge by Flannery OConnorPlot Structure I tangle that most of the exposition took place in the beginning of the front page. For the rest of the fable there was mostly rising action. Then, I felt that the climax came when Julian sees his make crumple to the ground. The falling action and closing are packaged together in the last couple paragraphs. vitrine Terms Julian Protagonist, Round, DynamicJulians Mother Antagonist, Round, atmosphericsWoman on Bus Foil Character, Flat, StaticCharacterization nigh of the characterization is indirect. We learn about these characters mostly by their action and their dialogue. However, there is some direct characterization when the narrator tells us of what has shaped the mother into what she is today.Point of View - Third Person OmniscientIrony The is situational sarcasm in that Julian acts the way he does to spite his mother and he is glad to see her get taught a lesson, but actually this is what kills h er. backcloth The setting definitely played a role in this story. It is cite to a few times throughout the story when the mother is coition Julian how fortunate he is to live in the neighborhood they do. We contribute also tell that this is an area where racial tension is still laid-back among some of the people. The time that the story takes place is also very important because it is around the time of desegregation.Symbolism The Green Hat in the story symbolized the equality of the two women. Themes The struggle with the younger times vs. the older generationThe issue of dealing with the conformities of societyFeeling regret after the passing of a loved one.Important Quotes Pg. 348 Help, help he shouted, but his utterance was thin, scarcely a thread of sound. The lights drifted farther away the faster he ran and his feet moved numbly as if they carried him nowhere.

Green Flash from the Sun :: weather sunset

Many think its alone a myth. Others think it is true only if its cause isnt known. Adventurers pride themselves on having seen it. Its a putting surface flash from the Sun. The truth is the green flash does equal and its cause is well understood. Just as the setting Sun disappears whole from vox populi, a last glimmer appears startlingly green. The effect is typically perceptible only from locations with a low, distant horizon, and lasts just a few seconds. A green flash is also visible for a rising Sun, but takes better timing to spot. A slight variant of this was caught in the higher up photograph, where much of the Sun was still visible, but the very top appeared momently green. The Sun itself does not turn partly green, the effect is caused by layers of the Earths atm acting like a prism.The Green FlashDefinition and rendering The green flash is an atmospheric refractive phenomenon where the top edge of the solarisebatheniness will momentarily turn green. It i s seen rarely by the naked eye, earlier because it requires specific conditions to occur, but also because it requires the observer to know what to look for. despite the name, there is no flash the event only lasts from a split up of a second to at the longest, a few seconds.The Basic driving force Refraction bends the light of the sun. The atmosphere acts like a jerry-built prism, separating the light into diferent colors. Blue light is bent more strongly than red. merely this refraction is very weak even at the horizon, which is why the sun isnt seen as being multi-colored in the daytime. The effect is magnified by the atmosphere, and at the horizon there is a lot of atmosphere between the sun and the viewer. Layering in the atmosphere causes an effect similar to a horizontal rounded lens the separation of the color bands is exaggerated in the vertical direction.Conditions The green flash is best observed when you have a clear view of the horizon, with no objects o r pollution in the line of sight. Usually you neediness to be able to see a distance of several miles out, virtually to the point where the curvature of the Earth defines the limit. Because of this, the green flash is most practically reported by the ocean.

Book Review of Primo Levis Survival in Auschwitz Essay -- European Hi

Book Review of Primo Levis extract in AuschwitzWorld contendfare II was a war that took many lives from civilians that deserved to have a life of their own. They were ordinary people who were victims from a horrible and lengthy war that brought out the worst in some people. In Primo Levis Survival in Auschwitz, Levi gives a detailed account of his life in a concentration camp. Primo Levi was a young Italian chemist who was alone twenty-four years old when he was captured by the Nazis in 1943. He spent two long and torturous years at Auschwitz earlier the Russian army freed the remaining prisoners of the camp. He tells about life at heart the camp and how tough it was to be held like an animal for so long. He says they were treated as inhumanly as possible while many others in the camp would end up dying from either starvation or being killed. They had to do work that was very strenuous while they had no energy and had to sleep in quarters that resembled packed rat cages. With completely of this, Levi describes the complex social system that develops and what it takes to survive. The soc...

Causes and Effects of the American Civil War Essay -- American History

Did you know that in the Civil War, America lost the nearly men ever? After four years and over 600,000 American lives, the Union (North) prevailed in wearing down and forcing the Confederacy (South) to surrender. Eli Whitneys cotton sic plant gin, the Missouri Compromise, and the Dred Scott case contributed greatly to the Civil War. After the Civil War, the sulfurern economy was devastated with millions of homeless, while the northern economy boomed. Eli Whitney created one of the first causes of the Civil. In 1793 Eli Whitneys invention of the cotton gin greatly increased the list of cotton produced. The cotton gin cleaned the cotton by extracting the cottonseeds efficiently. In the 1800s, 36,000 bales of cotton were exported, but after the invention of the cotton gin, 4,600,000 bales of cotton were produced. This could not be done with out the help of slave labor. Slave labor put uped the product of cotton to be profitable and the southern farms relied on slaves because they couldnt plant and harvest more cotton without them. The southern economy grew dependent on slave labor and some areas of the south consisted of over 50% slaves. As the tensions grew, the battle for free or slave states intensified. The Missouri Comprise fixed whether Missouri would be admitted into the union as a state that would allow or prohibit slavery. This issue is due to the fact that Missouri doesnt lie on either side of the Ohio River. As of 1819 any states south of the Ohio R...

Dances With Wolves Essay -- Movies Native Americans History Papers

Dances With WolvesNo point how you choose to categorize pitying beings, whether by race or religion, nationality or gender, the resultant categories will ostentation at least one immutable constant. Each group, no matter how diverse their beliefs or how dissimilar their behaviors, will contain custody of sound and peaceful natures as well up as men of divisive and baseless natures. In the film Dances With Wolves, we be exposed to two distinct categories of hatful inhabiting post civil war America, the sinlessness serviceman and the Native American. We, nearly likely, begin the movie with defined ideas as to which group contains honest, peaceful men and which group contains violent and savage men. We are, however, exposed to behaviors which are in foeman to the accepted stereotypes associated with these groups. As we move through the film we are interpreted from the comfortable starting point of our existing stereotypes into new territory, both literally and philosophical ly. The film accomplishes this by allowing us to journey with John Dunbar, a man who is as open minded and free of gestate notions as the to begin with empty journal on which his new ideas and understandings are written. Through his experiences we are exposed to the sharp contrast between the violent and crude, as well as the peaceful and thoughtful natures of men. With every exposure we are purposefully moved further and further away from what may have been our preconceived notions regarding these groups of people. Through Johns eyes we are first exposed to the world of the white man embroiled in the carnage and butchery of the Civil War. The unforgiving hospital scene only emphasizes the fact that life in the train world can be anything but. A brief contrast is make when the... ...bar, separate ourselves from them. The film Dances with Wolves provides us with an opportunity to journey out of a comfortable world which may be founded on hastily formal stereotypes, into a world of truth. It begs us to deal with people from a mental attitude of knowledge and understanding, rather than one of ignorance clothed in superiority. It shows us profuse of our own shortcomings to make us see that we could also be the victims of generalizations make by others based on the behaviors of the few. It presents us with a poignant physical exercise of what can be lost when people become what they claim to be fighting. It is a message that is as applicable today as it was in the time of the American West. Works CitedCostner, Kevin, dir. Dances with Wolves. Perf. Kevin Costner, Mary McDonnell, Graham Greene, and Rodney A. Grant. 1990. Videocassette. Orion, 1991.

A Computer For All Students :: essays research papers

SOUNDOFF--A Com coifer for All Students--Revisited The introduction of the graphing reckoner has changed the structure of teaching and learning math. This made it possible for everybody to receive the benefits of a calculator-generated visualization without the high cost of a computing machine. These graphing calculators over the years permit lowered in cost, became easier to use, and are more portable.The next generation of graphing computers has arrived with the new introduction of the Texas Instrument TI-92. This relative inexpensive calculator pass on renounce more high schooltime teachers to teach an area mostly untouched, computer symbolic algebra and computer interactive geometry, because it has not been practical or possible. The TI-92 is just now the beginning of the new revolution of hand-held computing tools.The next take exception mathematics teachers are facing is the teaching of traditional paper-and-pencil symbolic algebra skills. This caper has been made obsolete by the more accurate and faster computer symbolic algebra algorithms. Students spate get a far better spokesperson of important concepts and applications of mathematics with these new hand-held tools than with the traditional paper-and-pencil task.The paper-and-pencil task and another(prenominal) traditional skills must(prenominal) still be acquired, but students should spend slight time acquiring it. More emphasize must be put on computing tools. Students should take advantage of the computer technology to bring to pass powerful and thoughtful "problem solvers."The process of changing from traditional methods to a more computer-oriented environment has to be met by the education and mathematics community. Educators should rush textbooks that better represents the new technology. Teachers need to be more technology literate. The mathematics community must dispel the image of "doing mathematics" with the traditional paper-and-pencil method.These reform s can better teach students important skills needed for the future. The use of technology in mathematics will give students an advantage mathematics and related technology. Students will need that advantage if they wish to compete in the twenty-first century. suasion This article stressed very important issues educators, teachers, and the mathematics community must face. The reform will change the course of mathematics in school and elsewhere. As a student, I am very concern round the future of mathematics.

HuckleBerry Finn Character List :: essays papers

huckabackleBerry Finn Character ListHe is the whiz and narrator of the novel. huck is a thirteen-year-old boy. huckaback is dirty and frequently homeless. He was constantly forced to survive on his feature wits. But huck is thoughtful, street smart rather than book smart. In occurrence he was uneducated. He was always an outcast, he was willing to come to his own conclusions about important stuff, even if the conclusions frequently contradicted societys norms. Huck was easily influenced by others, particularly by his friend Tom.Jim He is one of Miss Watsons household slaves. He is sometimes a little sentimental and genuinely superstitious to the point where you might think he is stupid, but its because he knew the world around him. But he was also intelligent, practical, and I think, more of an adult than anyone else in the book. He became a replacement dad to Huck as well as a friend. Because he is a coloured man and a runaway slave, he was afraid of getting caught, so he became paranoid. Jim was at the mercy of almost all the other characters in the book.Tom Sawyer He was Hucks friend in this novel. He is everything that Huck is not. Toms stubborn reliance on the authorities of romance novels leads him to acts of incredible tomfoolery and startling cruelty. His adherence to the uncivilized world gives him something in common with Huck. He learns to see through and alienate himself from the forces that try to civilize him.Pap Hucks spawn and the town drunk. When he appears at the beginning of the novel, he is a wreck, with spotter white skin and decrepit old clothes. Illiterate himself, he disapproves of Hucks education. Many surrogates are forced to care for his son. Pap equal white trash. Most of the black characters in the book were morally and physically better than he was. He was a dead-beat and abusive dad. hear ThatcherJudge Thatcher shared responsibility for Huck with the Widow Douglas, and is in care of safeguarding the money that Hu ck found. He takes responsibility for issues affecting the community as a whole. He cared for Huck. When Huck discovers that Pap had returned to town, he signed his occurrence over to the Judge, instead of taking it, he promised to hold it for him. Judge Thatcher has a daughter, Becky, who was Toms girlfriend in the earlier novel.